Summary：Humanoid robots perform groundbreaking first gallbladder surgery, advancing toward human trials **I

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Humanoid robots perform groundbreaking first gallbladder surgery, advancing toward human trials

**Introduction**
In a milestone that could reshape minimally invasive medicine, a team of engineers and surgeons at the University of California, San Diego announced that humanoid‑style robots have successfully removed gallbladders from live pigs. The procedure, carried out in a controlled laboratory setting, marks the first time a robot with human‑like dexterity has completed a cholecystectomy without direct human manipulation of the instruments. Researchers say the achievement brings the technology a step closer to clinical trials in people, potentially expanding access to high‑precision surgery in underserved hospitals.

**Key Developments**
The experimental platform combines a bipedal humanoid frame with articulated arms equipped with miniature laparoscopic tools. Force‑feedback sensors and real‑time vision systems allow the robot to mimic the subtle wrist motions of a skilled surgeon while maintaining steady pressure on tissue. During the pig trials, the robot identified the gallbladder, dissected the cystic duct and artery, and extracted the organ through a single umbilical port—all within an average operative time of 45 minutes, comparable to conventional laparoscopic times. Post‑operative monitoring showed no bleeding, infection, or organ damage, and the animals recovered normal feeding behavior within 24 hours.

**Industry Analysis**
Current surgical robots, such as the da Vinci system, rely on large, stationary consoles and require surgeons to operate from a seated position. Humanoid platforms promise greater flexibility: they can be positioned beside the patient, navigate tight operating rooms, and potentially be deployed in field hospitals or disaster zones where space and power are limited. Analysts note that the humanoid approach could reduce the learning curve for surgeons accustomed to open‑hand techniques, as the robot’s movements mirror natural hand anatomy. However, challenges remain—particularly in regulatory approval, cost reduction, and proving long‑term reliability across a broader range of procedures. Experts caution that while the pig data are encouraging, scaling to human anatomy introduces variables like tissue elasticity and vascular complexity that demand further study.

**Future Outlook**
The UC San Diego team plans to refine the robot’s haptic feedback and integrate machine‑learning algorithms