Summary：**Urgent push for sodium batteries to cut China's lithium import reliance****Introduction** China’s

**Urgent push for sodium batteries to cut China's lithium import reliance**

**Introduction**
China’s appetite for lithium‑ion batteries has surged alongside its electric‑vehicle boom and renewable‑energy storage projects, pushing the nation’s dependence on overseas lithium to record highs. In response, policymakers, researchers and major manufacturers are accelerating efforts to commercialize sodium‑ion technology as a home‑grown alternative that could ease supply‑chain vulnerabilities and lower material costs.

**Key Developments**
Recent months have seen a flurry of activity:
- CATL announced a pilot line for sodium‑ion cells in its Ningde factory, targeting 5 GWh of annual output by 2026.
- BYD unveiled a prototype sodium‑based battery pack for low‑speed EVs, claiming a 15 % cost advantage over comparable lithium packs.
- The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released a draft roadmap earmarking ¥12 billion in subsidies for sodium‑ion research and scaling‑up projects.
- Several universities, including Tsinghua and Zhejiang, reported breakthroughs in hard‑carbon anodes that improve energy density to 160 Wh kg⁻¹, narrowing the gap with lithium‑ion counterparts.

**Industry Analysis**
Analysts note that sodium’s abundance—over 1 000 times more prevalent in the Earth’s crust than lithium—translates into lower raw‑material price volatility. While current sodium‑ion cells lag behind lithium in energy density and cycle life, rapid advances in electrode chemistry and cell design are eroding those disadvantages. For stationary storage and entry‑level EVs, where weight sensitivity is less critical, sodium batteries already offer a compelling value proposition. Moreover, domestic production reduces exposure to geopolitical risks tied to lithium‑rich regions such as Australia, Chile and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Critics caution that scaling up will require substantial investment in new manufacturing lines and a concerted effort to standardize battery management systems, but the trajectory mirrors the early‑stage